KETO THERM™

About

Body fat content is a tightly regulated process controlled by 2 major balances – calorie balance and fat balance. A change in body fat occurs when either of the two are out of balance.

In control of this, there are 4 factors:

1. Calories In
2. Calories Out
3. Fat Tissue Storage (adipogenesis)
4. Fat Tissue Release (lipolysis)

When calories out exceed calories in, weight loss occurs – mostly as fat. When more fat is released than stored, fat loss occurs. A ketogenic diet enhances rates of lipolysis, and it may help decrease calories in by assisting with appetite control.

KETO THERM™ was designed to help with all 4 factors, placing a heavy emphasis on burning more calories and reducing adipogenesis.

• 7-Keto® DHEA is a non-stimulant ingredient which accelerates metabolism.
• BHB strengthens the state of ketosis (or induces one, for non-keto dieters)
• Olive Leaf Extract with Oleuropein and Oleanolic Acid enhance thyroid function, glucose regulation, and uncoupling protein action.
• Caffeine, Hordenine, Synephrine, and Yohimbine work synergistically for large, sustained, and targeted increases in rates of lipolysis and calorie burn while suppressing hunger.
• Quercetin & Sea Buckthorn reduce body fat storage by modulating PPAR receptors.
• Diiodo L-Thyronine enhances rates of body fat reduction while preserving lean muscle.

One notable hallmark of accelerated calorie burn is thermogenesis – hence the name, KETO THERM™. You’ll understand once you try it!

Uses

KETO THERM™ may be used by anyone following any type of diet. KETO THERM™ was designed to work best for ketogenic metabolisms. With BHB, KETO THERM™ induces ketosis, making it ideal for everyone.

Use KETO THERM™ along with diet and exercise to accelerate fat loss and improve muscle retention during calorie deficits.

The full dose of KETO THERM™ is very powerful. Begin with 1 capsule to assess tolerance. Do not use for more than 8 weeks without taking 4 weeks off.

Supplement Facts

Ingredients

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium BHB

Beta-Hydroxybutyrate, or BHB, is an “alternative” fuel source – a ketone – produced during high-fat diets from accelerated lipid oxidation.

• BHB encourages fat metabolism and reduces blood glucose.
• Exogenous ketones signal to the body that it is already fat-adapted
• Improves mitochondrial health, enhancing overall metabolism and metabolic health.

Quercetin

Quercetin is known as the “master” bioflavonoid. A well-known antioxidant with potent health benefits.

• Quercetin boosts expression of PPARγ
• This may help improve cholesterol levels and reduce inflammatory markers
• Quercetin reduces levels of the enzyme fatty acid synthase, decreasing the potential for fat storage.

3,5-Diiodo-L-Thyronine

3,5-Diiodo-L-Thyronine is also known as T2 – one iodide short of T3.

• T2 is a total metabolism enhancer, using the endogenous thyroid hormone receptors.
• T2 increases both metabolic rate and lipolysis simultaneously and prepares multiple body tissues for fat loss.
• Supplementing with T2 helps preserve muscle tone during periods of caloric restriction, which normally decreases during energy deficits.

Sea Buckthorn

Sea Buckthorn is an herb that has been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years.

• The 5:1 extract used in KETO THERM™ has 5x the potency of regular Sea Buckthorn.
• Increases PPARγ expression, reducing rates of adipogenesis.
• Improves post-prandial glucose levels and insulin response.
• Supplementation has been demonstrated to result in reduced adiposity, liver fat, and leptin levels.

Hordenine

Hordenine is an alkaloid commonly found in bitter orange peel and barley.

• Hordenine functions as an adrenergic system agonist.
• The adrenergic system plays a role in both rates of metabolism and lipolysis.
• Hordenine is particularly interesting, as it is a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor – it works synergistically with other stimulants, such as caffeine, to potentiate their effects.
• In other words, it makes caffeine (and other stimulants) better, increasing their ability to burn fat and improve body composition.

KetoGBB™ Gamma-ButyroBetaine

GBB is the immediate precursor to L-Carnitine with better bioavailability and more diverse metabolic effects.

• While carnitine is poorly absorbed, GBB is very efficiently absorbed, making it an even better method for increasing body carnitine levels.
• In addition to carnitine-like effects, GBB is believed to potently increase rates of thermogenesis. Users report sweating after consumption of GBB.
• In order to produce heat, calories are burned.

Caffeine Anhydrous

Caffeine is the most popular supplement for many things, including fat loss.

• Caffeine stimulates a release of epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline).
• Adrenaline then stimulates adrenergic receptors (both alpha and beta) throughout the body.
  • The beta receptors increase metabolism, while alpha receptors perform the role of negative feedback – a control mechanism to begin reducing stimulation at the beta receptors. This contributes to why caffeine “fades” over a few hours.
• This stimulation increases metabolic rate, lipolysis, and rates of fat oxidation while suppressing hunger.
• Studies on caffeine show that higher doses of caffeine, such as the dose found in KETO THERM™, increase the number of calories burned per day by nearly 400 calories.
• Over several weeks, this helps with weight loss.

Keto DHEA (7-oxo DHEA; 7-Keto® DHEA)

7-oxodehydroepiandrosterone (aka, 7-oxo DHEA; aka, 7-Keto® DHEA) is an oxygenated form of DHEA that does NOT convert to testosterone.

• 7-Keto DHEA has been proven to increase metabolic rate in a non-stimulatory manner by nearly 5%.
• This increase in metabolic rate has led to improved fat loss compared to diet and exercise alone.
• 7-Keto DHEA also increases circulating levels of T3, boosting natural metabolism and fat burning.

Infinergy™ Dicaffeine Malate

Dicaffeine malate is an extended-release version of caffeine anhydrous. It offers all the same great benefits as caffeine anhydrous, without the crash!

• In addition to caffeine’s fat-burning potential above, it’s also a potent energy-booster, nootropic, and performance enhancer.
• Using caffeine prior to testing or studying can improve cognitive performance.
• Caffeine’s also been noted numerous times to improve athletic performance, particularly endurance type exercise.
• Infinergy™ helps keep users more alert longer, reducing sensations of “crashing” several hours after caffeine consumption.

Yohimbine HCl

Yohimbine is an alkaloid found in yohimbe and other plants. It is another ingredient that works synergistically with adrenergic stimulants, and perhaps the only supplement known to have targeted fat burning effects.

• Yohimbine is an alpha adrenergic receptor antagonist.
• Caffeine activates both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, and only the beta receptors provide the stimulant feeling we all know and love, but the alpha receptors work to reduce the energized feeling that caffeine provides.
• Because yohimbine antagonizes (inactivates) the alpha receptors, it makes caffeine far more effective for increasing metabolic rate, helping users burn more calories.
• The alpha adrenergic receptors are densely located on common areas with stubborn body fat, such as the midsection. Thus, yohimbine is effective for “spot reducing” – burning more body fat where more needs to be burned.
• Supplementing with 10mg doses of yohimbine has been found to reduce body fat by 2% in only 3 weeks. A particularly interesting observation, as subjects were already under 10% body fat and therefore much less likely to have such dramatic fat loss!

Olive Leaf Extract

Olives have long been renowned for their health effects. Rich in polyphenols, these fat-packed superfoods improve metabolic health while assisting in fat loss and even improving aesthetics.

• Olive leaf has many active constituents, but the two most important are oleuropein and oleanolic acid.
• Studies on olive leaf extract and oleuropein have reported improvements in cholesterol profiles, glucose management and glycation, and antioxidation.
• The oleanolic component has been noted to reduce carbohydrate absorption (by as much as 40%) and activate TGR5, increasing thyroid hormone, metabolic rate, and uncoupling proteins, which may help speed fat loss.
• Oleuropein may also help reduce skin damage from ultraviolet radiation and improve skin’s tensile strength.

p-Synephrine

Synephrine is chemically similar to ephedrine and used in combination with caffeine to enhance caffeine’s effects on fat loss.

• As with many compounds, synephrine comes in different forms. P-Synephrine is the biologically active form of synephrine.
• Ingestion of p-synephrine in isolation has been observed to increase caloric expenditure by nearly an extra calorie per minute.
• Similar to ephedrine, synephrine is synergistic with caffeine in regards to increasing fat oxidation, with the 2 used together being greater than the sum of the 2 in isolation.

L-Theanine

Theanine is a unique amino acid found in green tea. It helps counteract the negative aspects of stimulant ingredients without reducing their efficacy.

• Theanine promotes relaxation and reduces anxiety without increasing drowsiness.
• This makes it perfect for taking the “edge” off of stimulants like caffeine while the user still experiences increased energy and vigor.
• Using theanine in combination with caffeine has been found to be better than using caffeine in isolation. Caffeine + theanine offers greater benefits to mood and attention than the ingredients on their own.

Inositol

Inositol, also known as myo-inositol, is a simple molecule with mood-enhancing and health-promoting benefits.

• Supplementing inositol has been shown to improve mood profiles, reducing urges for binge eating, feelings of anxiety, and instances of depression
• Inositol may also help with glucose control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing insulin release.
• In select cases, inositol supplementation has also been shown to independently increase rates of weight loss.

FAQs

Q: What Makes KETO THERM™ Unique?

A: KETO THERM™ uses the fat-shedding powers of ketones, but that’s not all. Each ingredient in KETO THERM™ was carefully selected to exploit the benefits of a fat-burning metabolism – whether from consuming a ketogenic diet full time or temporarily from the BHB in KETO THERM™.

The most effective fat burners and thermogenics are stimulants, and KETO THERM™ was designed to operate with synergy, using key ingredient combinations, such as caffeine, yohimbine, hordenine, synephrine, and theanine for extreme increases in metabolic rate, lipolysis, and fat oxidation without causing excess anxiety or crashing.

Q: Why Would I Use KETO THERM™?

A: Use KETO THERM™ to help accelerate weight and/or fat loss along with diet and exercise. Choose KETO THERM™ only if you want the strongest ketogenic fat-burner + thermogenic available.

Q: How Do I Take KETO THERM™?

A: For those who do not habitually consume any form of caffeine, begin with 1 Capsule of KETO THERM™ to assess tolerance. For those who do habitually consume caffeine, begin with 2 Capsules of KETO THERM™ to assess tolerance. If well-tolerated, use the recommended 3 Capsule dose as a dietary supplement daily for up to 8 weeks. Take KETO THERM™ in the morning or prior to exercise.

Science

BHB

1. Holdsworth, D. A., Cox, P. J., Kirk, T., Stradling, H., Impey, S. G., & Clarke, K. (2017). A ketone ester drink increases postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis in humans. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 49(9), 1789.
2. Veech, R. L. (2004). The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: the effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and essential fatty acids, 70(3), 309-319.
3. Cox, P. J., Kirk, T., Ashmore, T., Willerton, K., Evans, R., Smith, A., ... & King, M. T. (2016). Nutritional ketosis alters fuel preference and thereby endurance performance in athletes. Cell metabolism, 24(2), 256-268.
4. Vandoorne, T., De Smet, S., Ramaekers, M., Van Thienen, R., De Bock, K., Clarke, K., & Hespel, P. (2017). Intake of a ketone ester drink during recovery from exercise promotes mTORC1 signaling but not glycogen resynthesis in human muscle. Frontiers in physiology, 8, 310.

Quercetin

1. Zhao, P., Mao, J. M., Zhang, S. Y., Zhou, Z. Q., Tan, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2014). Quercetin induces HepG2 cell apoptosis by inhibiting fatty acid biosynthesis. Oncology letters, 8(2), 765-769.
2. Zhang, J. S., Lei, J. P., Wei, G. Q., Chen, H., Ma, C. Y., & Jiang, H. Z. (2016). Natural fatty acid synthase inhibitors as potent therapeutic agents for cancers: a review. Pharmaceutical biology, 54(9), 1919-1925.
3. Odbayar, T. O., Badamhand, D., Kimura, T., Takahashi, Y., Tsushida, T., & Ide, T. (2006). Comparative studies of some phenolic compounds (quercetin, rutin, and ferulic acid) affecting hepatic fatty acid synthesis in mice. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 54(21), 8261-8265.
4. Stewart, L. K., Soileau, J. L., Ribnicky, D., Wang, Z. Q., Raskin, I., Poulev, A., ... & Gettys, T. W. (2008). Quercetin transiently increases energy expenditure but persistently decreases circulating markers of inflammation in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. Metabolism, 57, S39-S46.
5. Liu, X., Yu, Z., Huang, X., Gao, Y., Wang, X., Gu, J., & Xue, S. (2016). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) mediates the protective effect of quercetin against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via suppressing the NF-κB pathway. American journal of translational research, 8(12), 5169.
6. Lee, S. M., Moon, J., Cho, Y., Chung, J. H., & Shin, M. J. (2013). Quercetin up-regulates expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, liver X receptor α, and ATP binding cassette transporter A1 genes and increases cholesterol efflux in human macrophage cell line. Nutrition research, 33(2), 136-143.

3,5-Diiodo-L-Thyronine

1. Jonas, W., Lietzow, J., Wohlgemuth, F., Hoefig, C. S., Wiedmer, P., Schweizer, U., ... & Schürmann, A. (2015). 3, 5-Diiodo-L-thyronine (3, 5-t2) exerts thyromimetic effects on hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, body composition, and energy metabolism in male diet-induced obese mice. Endocrinology, 156(1), 389-399.
2. Lombardi, A., de Lange, P., Silvestri, E., Busiello, R. A., Lanni, A., Goglia, F., & Moreno, M. (2009). 3, 5-Diiodo-L-thyronine rapidly enhances mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation rate and thermogenesis in rat skeletal muscle: AMP-activated protein kinase involvement. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 296(3), E497-E502.
3. Lombardi, A., Lanni, A., de Lange, P., Silvestri, E., Grasso, P., Senese, R., ... & Moreno, M. (2007). Acute administration of 3, 5‐diiodo‐l‐thyronine to hypothyroid rats affects bioenergetic parameters in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. FEBS letters, 581(30), 5911-5916.
4. Lombardi, A., Senese, R., De Matteis, R., Busiello, R. A., Cioffi, F., Goglia, F., & Lanni, A. (2015). 3, 5-Diiodo-L-thyronine activates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in hypothyroid rats. PLoS One, 10(2), e0116498.
5. Hernandez, A. (2015). 3, 5-diiodo-L-thyronine (t2) in dietary supplements: what are the physiological effects?.
6. Cavallo, A., Priore, P., Gnoni, G. V., Papa, S., Zanotti, F., & Gnoni, A. (2013). 3, 5-Diiodo-L-thyronine administration to hypothyroid rats rapidly enhances fatty acid oxidation rate and bioenergetic parameters in liver cells. PloS one, 8(1), e52328.

Sea Buckthorn

1. Pichiah, P. T., Moon, H. J., Park, J. E., Moon, Y. J., & Cha, Y. S. (2012). Ethanolic extract of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L) prevents high-fat diet–induced obesity in mice through down-regulation of adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression. Nutrition research, 32(11), 856-864.
2. Chen, L., He, T., Han, Y., Sheng, J. Z., Jin, S., & Jin, M. W. (2011). Pentamethylquercetin improves adiponectin expression in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells via a mechanism that implicates PPARγ together with TNF-α and IL-6. Molecules, 16(7), 5754-5768.
3. Lee, J., Jung, E., Lee, J., Kim, S., Huh, S., Kim, Y., ... & Park, D. (2009). Isorhamnetin represses adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 cells. Obesity, 17(2), 226-232.
4. Rodhe, Y., Woodhill, T., Thorman, R., Möller, L., & Hylander, B. (2013). The effect of sea buckthorn supplement on oral health, inflammation, and DNA damage in hemodialysis patients: a double-blinded, randomized crossover study. Journal of Renal Nutrition, 23(3), 172-179.
5. Lehtonen, H. M., Järvinen, R., Linderborg, K., Viitanen, M., Venojärvi, M., Alanko, H., & Kallio, H. (2010). Postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin response are affected by sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica) berry and its ethanol-soluble metabolites. European journal of clinical nutrition, 64(12), 1465.

Hordenine

1. Barwell, C. J., Basma, A. N., Lafi, M. A. K., & Leake, L. D. (1989). Deamination of hordenine by monoamine oxidase and its action on vasa deferentia of the rat. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 41(6), 421-423.
2. Nedergaard, O. A., & Westermann, E. (1968). Action of various sympathomimetic amines on the isolated stripped vas deferens of the guinea‐British journal of pharmacology, 34(3), 475-483.
3. Frank, M., Weckman, T. J., Wood, T., Woods, W. E., TAI, C. L., CHANG, S. L., ... & Tobin, T. (1990). Hordenine: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and behavioural effects in the horse. Equine veterinary journal, 22(6), 437-441.
4. Hapke, H. J., & Strathmann, W. (1995). Pharmacological effects of hordenine.  Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 102(6), 228-232.
5. Hoffman, J. R., Kang, J., Ratamess, N. A., Rashti, S. L., Tranchina, C. P., & Faigenbaum, A. D. (2009). Thermogenic effect of an acute ingestion of a weight loss supplement. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 6(1), 1.

Gamma-Butyrobetaine

1. Rebouche, C. J., Bosch, E. P., Chenard, C. A., Schabold, K. J., & Nelson, S. E. (1989). Utilization of dietary precursors for carnitine synthesis in human adults. The Journal of nutrition, 119(12), 1907-1913.
2. Dunn, W. A., Rettura, G., Seifter, E., & Englard, S. (1984). Carnitine biosynthesis from gamma-butyrobetaine and from exogenous protein-bound 6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine by the perfused guinea pig liver. Effect of ascorbate deficiency on the in situ activity of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 259(17), 10764-10770.
3. Sjakste, N., Kleschyov, A. L., Boucher, J. L., Baumane, L., Dzintare, M., Meirena, D., ... & Kalvinsh, I. (2004). Endothelium-and nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxing activities of gamma-butyrobetaine esters: possible link to the antiischemic activities of mildronate. European journal of pharmacology, 495(1), 67-73.
4. Liepinsh, E., Vilskersts, R., Loca, D., Kirjanova, O., Pugovichs, O., Kalvinsh, I., & Dambrova, M. (2006). Mildronate, an inhibitor of carnitine biosynthesis, induces an increase in gamma-butyrobetaine contents and cardioprotection in isolated rat heart infarction. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 48(6), 314-319.
5. Rebouche, C. J. (1983). Effect of dietary carnitine isomers and γ-butyrobetaine on L-carnitine biosynthesis and metabolism in the rat. The Journal of nutrition, 113(10), 1906-1913.

Caffeine Anhydrous

1. Westerterp‐Plantenga, M. S., Lejeune, M. P., & Kovacs, E. M. (2005). Body weight loss and weight maintenance in relation to habitual caffeine intake and green tea supplementation. Obesity research, 13(7), 1195-1204.
2. Astrup, A., Toubro, S., Cannon, S., Hein, P., Breum, L., & Madsen, J. (1990). Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 51(5), 759-767.
3. Kim, T. W., Shin, Y. O., Lee, J. B., Min, Y. K., & Yang, H. M. (2011). Caffeine increases sweating sensitivity via changes in sudomotor activity during physical loading. Journal of medicinal food, 14(11), 1448-1455.
4. Norager, C. B., Jensen, M. B., Weimann, A., & Madsen, M. R. (2006). Metabolic effects of caffeine ingestion and physical work in 75‐year old citizens. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over study. Clinical endocrinology, 65(2), 223-228.
5. Anderson, D. E., & Hickey, M. S. (1994). Effects of caffeine on the metabolic and catecholamine responses to exercise in 5 and 28 degrees C. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 26(4), 453-458.
6. Yoshida, T., Sakane, N., Umekawa, T., & Kondo, M. (1994). Relationship between basal metabolic rate, thermogenic response to caffeine, and body weight loss following combined low calorie and exercise treatment in obese women. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders: journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 18(5), 345-350.

Keto DHEA (7-oxo DHEA; 7-Keto® DHEA)

1. Zenk, J. L., Frestedt, J. L., & Kuskowski, M. A. (2007). HUM5007, a novel combination of thermogenic compounds, and 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone: each increases the resting metabolic rate of overweight adults. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 18(9), 629-634.
2. Kalman, D. S., Colker, C. M., Swain, M. A., Torina, G. C., & Shi, Q. (2000). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone in healthy overweight adults. Current therapeutic research, 61(7), 435-442.
3. Bobyleva, V., Bellei, M., Kneer, N., & Lardy, H. (1997). The effects of the ergosteroid 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone on mitochondrial membrane potential: possible relationship to thermogenesis. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 341(1), 122-128.
4. Davidson, M., Marwah, A., Sawchuk, R. J., Maki, K., Marwah, P., Weeks, C., & Lardy, H. (2000). Safety and pharmacokinetic study with escalating doses of 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone in healthy male volunteers. Clinical and investigative medicine, 23(5), 300-310.
5. Zenk, J. L., Helmer, T. R., Kassen, L. J., & Kuskowski, M. A. (2002). The effect of 7-Keto Naturalean™ on weight loss: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Current therapeutic research, 63(4), 263-272.

Infinergy™ Dicaffeine Malate

1. Sommerfeld, A., & Witherly, S. (2014). S. Patent No. 8,642,095. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
2. Revelle, W., Amaral, P., & Turriff, S. (1976). Introversion/extroversion, time stress, and caffeine: Effect on verbal performance. Science, 192(4235), 149-150.
3. Adan, A., & Serra‐Grabulosa, J. M. (2010). Effects of caffeine and glucose, alone and combined, on cognitive performance. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 25(4), 310-317.
4. Carr, A. J., Gore, C. J., & Dawson, B. (2011). Induced alkalosis and caffeine supplementation: effects on 2,000-m rowing performance. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 21(5), 357-364.
5. Schneiker, K. T., Bishop, D., Dawson, B., & Hackett, L. P. (2006). Effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent-sprint ability in team-sport athletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 38(3), 578-585.
6. Desbrow, B., Biddulph, C., Devlin, B., Grant, G. D., Anoopkumar-Dukie, S., & Leveritt, M. D. (2012). The effects of different doses of caffeine on endurance cycling time trial performance. Journal of sports sciences, 30(2), 115-120.

Yohimbine HCl

1. Ostojic, S. M. (2006). Yohimbine: the effects on body composition and exercise performance in soccer players. Research in Sports Medicine, 14(4), 289-299.
2. Berlan, M., Galitzky, J., Riviere, D., Foureau, M., Tran, M. A., Flores, R., ... & Lafontan, M. (1991). Plasma catecholamine levels and lipid mobilization induced by yohimbine in obese and non-obese women. International journal of obesity, 15(5), 305-315.
3. Weitzell, R., Tanaka, T., & Starke, K. (1979). Pre-and postsynaptic effects of yohimbine stereoisomers on noradrenergic transmission in the pulmonary artery of the rabbit. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 308(2), 127-136.
4. Le Corre, P., Parmer, R. J., Kailasam, M. T., Kennedy, B. P., Skaar, T. P., Ho, H., ... & Schork, N. J. (2004). Human sympathetic activation by α2‐adrenergic blockade with yohimbine: Bimodal, epistatic influence of cytochrome P450–mediated drug metabolism. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 76(2), 139-153.
5. Lafontan, M., Berlan, M., Galitzky, J., & Montastruc, J. L. (1992). Alpha-2 adrenoceptors in lipolysis: α 2 antagonists and lipid-mobilizing strategies.
6. Greenway, F. L., & Bray, G. A. (1987). Regional fat loss from the thigh in obese women after adrenergic modulation. Clin Ther, 9(6), 663-9.
7. Pedersen, S. B., Kristensen, K., Hermann, P. A., Katzenellenbogen, J. A., & Richelsen, B. (2004). Estrogen controls lipolysis by up-regulating α2A-adrenergic receptors directly in human adipose tissue through the estrogen receptor α. Implications for the female fat distribution. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(4), 1869-1878.

Olive Leaf Extract

1. Weinbrenner, T., Fito, M., Torre, R. D. L., Saez, G. T., Rijken, P., Tormos, C., ... & Marrugat, J. (2004). Olive oils high in phenolic compounds modulate oxidative/antioxidative status in men. The Journal of nutrition, 134(9), 2314-2321.
2. Castaner, O., Covas, M. I., Khymenets, O., Nyyssonen, K., Konstantinidou, V., Zunft, H. F., ... & Fito, M. (2012). Protection of LDL from oxidation by olive oil polyphenols is associated with a downregulation of CD40-ligand expression and its downstream products in vivo in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 95(5), 1238-1244.
3. Susalit, E., Agus, N., Effendi, I., Tjandrawinata, R. R., Nofiarny, D., Perrinjaquet-Moccetti, T., & Verbruggen, M. (2011). Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract effective in patients with stage-1 hypertension: comparison with Captopril. Phytomedicine, 18(4), 251-258.
4. Wainstein, J., Ganz, T., Boaz, M., Bar Dayan, Y., Dolev, E., Kerem, Z., & Madar, Z. (2012). Olive leaf extract as a hypoglycemic agent in both human diabetic subjects and in rats. Journal of medicinal food, 15(7), 605-610.
5. de Bock, M., Derraik, J. G., Brennan, C. M., Biggs, J. B., Morgan, P. E., Hodgkinson, S. C., ... & Cutfield, W. S. (2013). Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. PloS one, 8(3), e57622.
6. Sato, H., Genet, C., Strehle, A., Thomas, C., Lobstein, A., Wagner, A., ... & Saladin, R. (2007). Anti-hyperglycemic activity of a TGR5 agonist isolated from Olea europaea. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 362(4), 793-798.
7. Koca, U., Süntar, I., Akkol, E. K., Yılmazer, D., & Alper, M. (2011). Wound repair potential of Olea europaea L. leaf extracts revealed by in vivo experimental models and comparative evaluation of the extracts' antioxidant activity. Journal of medicinal food, 14(1-2), 140-146.
8. Perugini, P., Vettor, M., Rona, C., Troisi, L., Villanova, L., Genta, I., ... & Pavanetto, F. (2008). Efficacy of oleuropein against UVB irradiation: preliminary evaluation. International journal of cosmetic science, 30(2), 113-120.

p-Synephrine

1. Astrup, A., Toubro, S., Cannon, S., Hein, P., & Madsen, J. (1991). Thermogenic synergism between ephedrine and caffeine in healthy volunteers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Metabolism, 40(3), 323-329.
2. Haaz, S., Fontaine, K. R., Cutter, G., Limdi, N., Perumean‐Chaney, S., & Allison, D. B. (2006). Citrus aurantium and synephrine alkaloids in the treatment of overweight and obesity: an update. Obesity reviews, 7(1), 79-88.
3. Seifert, J. G., Nelson, A., Devonish, J., Burke, E. R., & Stohs, S. J. (2011). Effect of acute administration of an herbal preparation on blood pressure and heart rate in humans. International journal of medical sciences, 8(3), 192.
4. Brown, C. M., McGrath, J. C., Midgley, J. M., Muir, A. G. B., O'Brien, J. W., Thonoor, C. M., ... & Wilson, V. G. (1988). Activities of octopamine and synephrine stereoisomers on α‐British journal of pharmacology, 93(2), 417-429.
5. Gougeon, R., Harrigan, K., Tremblay, J. F., Hedrei, P., Lamarche, M., & Morais, J. A. (2005). Increase in the thermic effect of food in women by adrenergic amines extracted from Citrus aurantium. Obesity research, 13(7), 1187-1194.

L-Theanine

1. Owen, G. N., Parnell, H., De Bruin, E. A., & Rycroft, J. A. (2008). The combined effects of L-theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood. Nutritional neuroscience, 11(4), 193-198.
2. Giesbrecht, T., Rycroft, J. A., Rowson, M. J., & De Bruin, E. A. (2010). The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness. Nutritional neuroscience, 13(6), 283-290.
3. Foxe, J. J., Morie, K. P., Laud, P. J., Rowson, M. J., De Bruin, E. A., & Kelly, S. P. (2012). Assessing the effects of caffeine and theanine on the maintenance of vigilance during a sustained attention task. Neuropharmacology, 62(7), 2320-2327.
4. Haskell, C. F., Kennedy, D. O., Milne, A. L., Wesnes, K. A., & Scholey, A. B. (2008). The effects of L-theanine, caffeine and their combination on cognition and mood. Biological psychology, 77(2), 113-122.
5. Kimura, K., Ozeki, M., Juneja, L. R., & Ohira, H. (2007). L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses. Biological psychology, 74(1), 39-45.
6. Higashiyama, A., Htay, H. H., Ozeki, M., Juneja, L. R., & Kapoor, M. P. (2011). Effects of L-theanine on attention and reaction time response. Journal of Functional Foods, 3(3), 171-178.

Inositol

1. Palatnik, A., Frolov, K., Fux, M., & Benjamin, J. (2001). Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 21(3), 335-339.
2. Genazzani, A. D., Prati, A., Santagni, S., Ricchieri, F., Chierchia, E., Rattighieri, E., ... & Artini, P. G. (2012). Differential insulin response to myo-inositol administration in obese polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Gynecological Endocrinology, 28(12), 969-973.
3. Aviv, A., Levy, D., & Belmaker, R. H. (1995). Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of inositol treatment for panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 152, 1084-1086.
4. Gelber, D., Levine, J., & Belmaker, R. H. (2001). Effect of inositol on bulimia nervosa and binge eating. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29(3), 345-348.
5. Corrado, F., D’Anna, R., Di Vieste, G., Giordano, D., Pintaudi, B., Santamaria, A., & Di Benedetto, A. (2011). The effect of myoinositol supplementation on insulin resistance in patients with gestational diabetes. Diabetic medicine, 28(8), 972-975.
6. Minozzi, M., D'Andrea, G., & Unfer, V. (2008). Treatment of hirsutism with myo-inositol: a prospective clinical study. Reproductive biomedicine online, 17(4), 579-582.